MySQL Date and Time Types
There are a number of useful date and time functions in MySQL. I’ve seen too many applications performing date calculations at the code level when the same can be done using built-in MySQL functions. Before we launch into the functions, however, let’s refresh our memory and look at which date and time types are available to MySQL.
| DATETIME | YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS |
| DATE | YYYY-MM-DD |
| TIMESTAMP | YYYYMMDDHHSSMM |
| TIME | HH:MM:SS |
| YEAR | YYYY |
The TIMESTAMP column stores the full 14 characters, but you can display it in different ways. If you define the column as TIMESTAMP(2), for example, only the two-digit year will be displayed, but the full value is stored. If you later decide to display the full value, you can change the table definition, and the full value will appear. Below is a list of various ways to define a TIMESTAMP, and the resultant display.
| TIMESTAMP(14) | YYYYMMDDHHMMSS |
| TIMESTAMP(12) | YYMMDDHHMMSS |
| TIMESTAMP(10) | YYMMDDHHMM |
| TIMESTAMP(8) | YYYYMMDD |
| TIMESTAMP(6) | YYMMDD |
| TIMESTAMP(4) | YYMM |
| TIMESTAMP(2) | YY |
MySQL is quite lenient in how it reads date formats. Although it is wise to use the convention, you can use any other punctuation character you like. For example, if you created the following table:
CREATE TABLE time_table(dt DATETIME);
Instead of inserting a record using the convention, as follows:
INSERT INTO time_table(dt) VALUES('2003-03-31 11:22:12')
you could use ‘=’ and ‘+’ signs, as follows:
INSERT INTO time_table(dt) VALUES('2003=03=31 11+22+12')
But although I’m sure they exist, I haven’t come across a good reason to use this, so I suggest you keep to the conventions unless absolutely necessary.
Simple Date Calculations
Date calculations are relatively easy. The first function we’re going to look at is the YEAR() function, which returns a year from a given date. For example:
mysql> SELECT YEAR('2003-03-31');
+--------------------+
| YEAR('2003-03-31') |
+--------------------+
| 2003 |
+--------------------+
We can perform simple arithmetic on a date using the ‘+’ and ‘-‘ operators. For example, to find out which year is five years ahead of a given date, you can use:
mysql> SELECT YEAR('2003-03-31')+5;
+----------------------+
| YEAR('2003-03-31')+5 |
+----------------------+
| 2008 |
+----------------------+
And to find out which year was five years in the past:
mysql> SELECT YEAR('2003-03-31')-5;
+----------------------+
| YEAR('2003-03-31')-5 |
+----------------------+
| 1998 |
+----------------------+
Of course you don’t have to hard-code the date. MySQL is quite capable of telling the date and time, using the NOW() function:
mysql> SELECT NOW();
+---------------------+
| NOW() |
+---------------------+
| 2003-03-31 00:32:21 |
+---------------------+
or just the date with the CURRENT_DATE() function:
mysql> SELECT CURRENT_DATE();
+----------------+
| CURRENT_DATE() |
+----------------+
| 2003-03-31 |
+----------------+
There are also functions for the other date and time intervals; MONTH(), DAYOFMONTH(), HOUR(), MINUTE() and SECOND(). For example:
mysql> SELECT MONTH(NOW()) AS m,
DAYOFMONTH(NOW()) AS d,
HOUR(NOW()) AS h,
MINUTE(NOW()) AS m,
SECOND(NOW()) AS s;
+------+------+------+------+------+
| m | d | h | m | s |
+------+------+------+------+------+
| 3 | 31 | 1 | 53 | 38 |
+------+------+------+------+------+
